Relative Clauses (ဆက္စပ္ေပးေသာ စကားစု) ေတြဟာ အဂၤလိပ္ စာေၾကာင္းေတြမွာ အသံုးအမ်ားဆံုး အထဲက တစ္ခု ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။
ဒါေၾကာင့္ ဒီသင္ခန္းစာမွာ who/that/which တို႔နဲ႔ ဆက္ထားတဲ့ clause (စကားစု) ေတြကို ရွင္းျပေပးပါမယ္။ သက္ရွိကိုေတာ့ who နဲ႔ ဆက္ၿပီးေတာ့ သက္မဲ့ အရာ၀တၳဳေတြကို that/which တို႔နဲ႔ ဆက္ရပါတယ္။
ပထမဦးဆံုး clause ဆိုတာ ဘာလဲ လို႔ သိဖို႔လိုပါတယ္။ Clause ဆိုတာက Verb တစ္ခု ပါ၀င္ေနတဲ့ စကားစု တစ္ခုသာ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ၀ါက် တစ္ခုမွာ clause တစ္ခု သို႔မဟုတ္ တစ္ခုထက္ ပိုၿပီး ပါႏိုင္ပါတယ္။
ေအာက္က စာေၾကာင္းကို အရင္ၾကည့္ပါ။
The woman is a doctor. She lives next door.
ဒါမွ မဟုတ္ရင္ -
The woman lives next door. She is a doctor.
အဲဒီ ၀ါက် ႏွစ္ေၾကာင္းကို ေအာက္က အတုိင္း ႏွစ္ေၾကာင္း ေရးႏိုင္တယ္။
The woman who is a doctor lives next door.
ဆရာ၀န္ တစ္ေယာက္ ျဖစ္တဲ့ အမ်ဳိးသမီးဟာ ေနာက္ တစ္ခန္းမွာ ေနပါတယ္။
ဒါမွ မဟုတ္ရင္ -
The woman who lives next door is a doctor.
ေနာက္ တစ္ခန္းမွာ ေနတဲ့ အမ်ဳိးသမီးက ဆရာ၀န္ တစ္ေယာက္ ျဖစ္တယ္။
(ဒီ ၀ါက်က ပိုၿပီးေတာ့ အဓိပၸာယ္ သင့္ေလွ်ာ္ပါတယ္)
ဒီ၀ါက်ေတြမွာ စာလံုး အေစာင္းေတြနဲ႔ ျပထားတဲ့ စာေၾကာင္းေတြက relative clause ျဖစ္တယ္။
The girl was injured in the accident. She is now in hospital.
The girl who was injured in the accident is now in hospital.
မေတာ္တဆ ထိခိုက္မႈေၾကာင့္ ဒါဏ္ရာ ရသြားတဲ့ မိန္းကေလးက အခု ေဆးရံုမွာပါ။
That/ which တို႔နဲ႔ ဆက္တဲ့ ၀ါက်ကိုလည္း ဆက္ၿပီး ေလ့လာပါဦး။ that နဲ႔ which က အသံုး တူပါတယ္။ ဒါေပမဲ့ which ကို အထူးသျဖင့္ object ေနရာေတြမွာ အသံုးမ်ားပါတယ္။
I don’t like the stories. They have unhappy endings.
I don’t like the stories that/which have unhappy endings.
(that နဲ႔ which ႏွစ္ခုလံုး သံုးႏိုင္ပါတယ္)
ေပ်ာ္ရႊင္ဖို႔ မေကာင္းတဲ့ ဇာတ္သိမ္းပိုင္းေတြ ပါတဲ့ ဇာတ္လမ္းေတြကို ကၽြန္ေတာ္ မႀကိဳက္ဘူး။
The boy works for a company. The company makes furniture.
The boy works for a company that/which makes furniture.
လူကေလးက ပရိေဘာကေတြ လုပ္တဲ့ ကုမၸဏီ တစ္ခုမွာ အလုပ္လုပ္ပါတယ္။
A bus goes to the airport. It runs every half hour.
The bus that/which goes to the airport runs every half hour.
ေလဆိပ္ကို သြားေသာ ဘတ္စ္ကားသည္ နာရီ၀က္တိုင္း ေျပးဆြဲပါသည္။
(ဒီ ၀ါက်မွာ သတိထား ရမွာက အထက္က A bus ကို The bus ေျပာင္းရပါတယ္)
ေအာက္က ေလ့က်င့္ခန္း ၀ါက် ႏွစ္ခုစီကို တစ္ေၾကာင္းတည္း ျဖစ္ေအာင္ relative clause ေတြ ဆက္ေပးပါ။
မိမိ ေျဖလိုက္တဲ့ အေျဖ မွန္၊ မမွန္ကို ျပန္တုိက္ၾကည့္လိုက္ပါဦး။
အေျဖေတြကို ေအာက္မွာ ဆက္ၿပီး ေရးေပးထားပါတယ္။
(1) I’ve never spoken to the man. He lives next door.
(2) The waitress served us. She was impolite and impatient.
(3) A building was destroyed in the fire. It has now been rebuilt.
(4) Some people were arrested. They have now been released.
(5) A driver caused the accident. He was fined $ 500.
(6) We live in a world. It is changing all the time.
(7) The police have caught the men. They stole my car.
(8) Do you know the person? He took these photographs.
(9) Where’s the nearest shop? It sells newspapers.
(10) What happened to the picture? They were on the wall.
Ans:
(1) I’ve never spoken to the man who lives next door.
(2) The waitress who served us was impolite and impatient.
(3) The building that/which was destroyed in the fire has now been rebuilt.
(4) The people who were arrested have now been released.
(5) The driver who caused the accident was fined $ 500.
(6) We live in a world that/which is changing all the time.
(7) The police have caught the men who stole my car.
(8) Do you know the person who took these photographs?
(9) Where’s the nearest shop that/which sells newspapers?
(10) What happened to the picture that/which were on the wall?
ေနာက္ သင္ခန္းစာ မွာေတာ့ relative clause တို႔ရဲ႕ အသံုးအႏႈန္း မတူပံုေတြကို ဆက္ၿပီး ေျပာျပ ေပးသြားပါမယ္။
မူရင္း http://www.ashinnyanadipa.com/2010/10/grammar_08.html
ဒါေၾကာင့္ ဒီသင္ခန္းစာမွာ who/that/which တို႔နဲ႔ ဆက္ထားတဲ့ clause (စကားစု) ေတြကို ရွင္းျပေပးပါမယ္။ သက္ရွိကိုေတာ့ who နဲ႔ ဆက္ၿပီးေတာ့ သက္မဲ့ အရာ၀တၳဳေတြကို that/which တို႔နဲ႔ ဆက္ရပါတယ္။
ပထမဦးဆံုး clause ဆိုတာ ဘာလဲ လို႔ သိဖို႔လိုပါတယ္။ Clause ဆိုတာက Verb တစ္ခု ပါ၀င္ေနတဲ့ စကားစု တစ္ခုသာ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ၀ါက် တစ္ခုမွာ clause တစ္ခု သို႔မဟုတ္ တစ္ခုထက္ ပိုၿပီး ပါႏိုင္ပါတယ္။
ေအာက္က စာေၾကာင္းကို အရင္ၾကည့္ပါ။
The woman is a doctor. She lives next door.
ဒါမွ မဟုတ္ရင္ -
The woman lives next door. She is a doctor.
အဲဒီ ၀ါက် ႏွစ္ေၾကာင္းကို ေအာက္က အတုိင္း ႏွစ္ေၾကာင္း ေရးႏိုင္တယ္။
The woman who is a doctor lives next door.
ဆရာ၀န္ တစ္ေယာက္ ျဖစ္တဲ့ အမ်ဳိးသမီးဟာ ေနာက္ တစ္ခန္းမွာ ေနပါတယ္။
ဒါမွ မဟုတ္ရင္ -
The woman who lives next door is a doctor.
ေနာက္ တစ္ခန္းမွာ ေနတဲ့ အမ်ဳိးသမီးက ဆရာ၀န္ တစ္ေယာက္ ျဖစ္တယ္။
(ဒီ ၀ါက်က ပိုၿပီးေတာ့ အဓိပၸာယ္ သင့္ေလွ်ာ္ပါတယ္)
ဒီ၀ါက်ေတြမွာ စာလံုး အေစာင္းေတြနဲ႔ ျပထားတဲ့ စာေၾကာင္းေတြက relative clause ျဖစ္တယ္။
The girl was injured in the accident. She is now in hospital.
The girl who was injured in the accident is now in hospital.
မေတာ္တဆ ထိခိုက္မႈေၾကာင့္ ဒါဏ္ရာ ရသြားတဲ့ မိန္းကေလးက အခု ေဆးရံုမွာပါ။
That/ which တို႔နဲ႔ ဆက္တဲ့ ၀ါက်ကိုလည္း ဆက္ၿပီး ေလ့လာပါဦး။ that နဲ႔ which က အသံုး တူပါတယ္။ ဒါေပမဲ့ which ကို အထူးသျဖင့္ object ေနရာေတြမွာ အသံုးမ်ားပါတယ္။
I don’t like the stories. They have unhappy endings.
I don’t like the stories that/which have unhappy endings.
(that နဲ႔ which ႏွစ္ခုလံုး သံုးႏိုင္ပါတယ္)
ေပ်ာ္ရႊင္ဖို႔ မေကာင္းတဲ့ ဇာတ္သိမ္းပိုင္းေတြ ပါတဲ့ ဇာတ္လမ္းေတြကို ကၽြန္ေတာ္ မႀကိဳက္ဘူး။
The boy works for a company. The company makes furniture.
The boy works for a company that/which makes furniture.
လူကေလးက ပရိေဘာကေတြ လုပ္တဲ့ ကုမၸဏီ တစ္ခုမွာ အလုပ္လုပ္ပါတယ္။
A bus goes to the airport. It runs every half hour.
The bus that/which goes to the airport runs every half hour.
ေလဆိပ္ကို သြားေသာ ဘတ္စ္ကားသည္ နာရီ၀က္တိုင္း ေျပးဆြဲပါသည္။
(ဒီ ၀ါက်မွာ သတိထား ရမွာက အထက္က A bus ကို The bus ေျပာင္းရပါတယ္)
ေအာက္က ေလ့က်င့္ခန္း ၀ါက် ႏွစ္ခုစီကို တစ္ေၾကာင္းတည္း ျဖစ္ေအာင္ relative clause ေတြ ဆက္ေပးပါ။
မိမိ ေျဖလိုက္တဲ့ အေျဖ မွန္၊ မမွန္ကို ျပန္တုိက္ၾကည့္လိုက္ပါဦး။
အေျဖေတြကို ေအာက္မွာ ဆက္ၿပီး ေရးေပးထားပါတယ္။
(1) I’ve never spoken to the man. He lives next door.
(2) The waitress served us. She was impolite and impatient.
(3) A building was destroyed in the fire. It has now been rebuilt.
(4) Some people were arrested. They have now been released.
(5) A driver caused the accident. He was fined $ 500.
(6) We live in a world. It is changing all the time.
(7) The police have caught the men. They stole my car.
(8) Do you know the person? He took these photographs.
(9) Where’s the nearest shop? It sells newspapers.
(10) What happened to the picture? They were on the wall.
Ans:
(1) I’ve never spoken to the man who lives next door.
(2) The waitress who served us was impolite and impatient.
(3) The building that/which was destroyed in the fire has now been rebuilt.
(4) The people who were arrested have now been released.
(5) The driver who caused the accident was fined $ 500.
(6) We live in a world that/which is changing all the time.
(7) The police have caught the men who stole my car.
(8) Do you know the person who took these photographs?
(9) Where’s the nearest shop that/which sells newspapers?
(10) What happened to the picture that/which were on the wall?
ေနာက္ သင္ခန္းစာ မွာေတာ့ relative clause တို႔ရဲ႕ အသံုးအႏႈန္း မတူပံုေတြကို ဆက္ၿပီး ေျပာျပ ေပးသြားပါမယ္။
မူရင္း http://www.ashinnyanadipa.com/2010/10/grammar_08.html
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